ca.1895 French photochrom CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH, #89

Description: Boulanger_089 ca.1895 French photochrom CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH, #89 Photochrom titled Chittagong, page size 32 x 24 cm, image size 21 x 14.5 cm. From: Autour du Monde - Aquarelles - Souvenirs de Voyages, Paris, L. Boulanger, editeur. Chittagong also called Chittagram city that is the chief Indian Ocean port of Bangladesh. It lies about 12 miles (19 km) north of the mouth of the Karnaphuli River, in the southeastern arm of the nation. It is a major communications centre and is linked by rail with Dhaka and Comilla, by road with Feni and Comilla, and by air with Dhaka, Jessore, Cox's Bazar, and Calcutta. The second most important industrial city in Bangladesh, its varied manufacturing establishments extend about 10 miles (16 km) to the north and northeast. Chittagong has a splendid natural harbour. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, much trade was diverted to Chittagong from Calcutta, and the port was considerably improved. It is equipped with modern facilities and has numerous permanent jetties and moorings. An offshore terminal was built that is connected with the city's eastern oil refinery by a large-capacity pipeline. Chittagong's foreign trade has increased with Bangladesh's economic development, and city life centres around the harbour. Tea, naphtha, jute, and jute manufactures constitute the port's principal exports. The city grew in different directions along the main routes of transportation and was developed according to a master plan. Among other buildings, two markets covering an area of about 700,000 square feet (65,000 square m) were constructed. The principal industries of Chittagong include cotton and jute mills, tea and match factories, and chemical and engineering works. The city has an iron and steel mill, and its large oil refinery went into production in 1968. Being the gateway of Bangladesh for foreign trade, the city has offices of many foreign firms and banks. It is the headquarters of the Bangladesh Railway, and the railway workshop is located in the nearby town of Pahartali. Constituted a municipality in 1864, Chittagong has several hospitals, an ethnological museum, a medical college, a technological institute, and the University of Chittagong (1966), with numerous affiliated colleges. Nearby are a cadet college (at Faujdar Hat) and a merchant-marine academy. Chittagong's port was known to the Mediterranean world from the early Christian era and was known to Arab sailors by the 10th century AD. It was called Porto Grande by Portuguese and Venetian voyagers and was described by Joao de Barros in 1552 as “the most famous and wealthy city of the Kingdom of Bengal.” It has been generally identified with the city of Bengala described by early Portuguese and other writers. Conquered by the Muslims in the 14th century, Chittagong passed to the Arakanese in the next century. The piratical raids of the Arakanese and their Portuguese mercenaries led to the dispatch of a strong force by Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor (nawab) of Bengal, who in 1666 occupied the region. Chittagong was ceded to the British East India Company in 1760. The area surrounding Chittagong is heavily populated and comprises a narrow strip of coast along the Bay of Bengal and ranges of low hills separated by fertile valleys. The climate is moist, warm, and equable, with a heavy rainfall amounting to more than 100 inches (2,540 mm) annually, falling mainly during the summer monsoons. The area's chief rivers are the Karnaphuli, Feni, Halda, Sangu, and Matamuhari. The higher parts of the Chittagong Hills are forested, while the lower portions are covered predominantly with brushwood. Between the hills lie cultivated valleys that were originally filled by deposits of sand and clay washed down from the hills. Rice is the most important crop; tea is grown on low hills that are unfit for rice cultivation. Chilies and vegetables are also grown, and cane and bamboo are economically valuable forest products. Pop. (1991 prelim.) city, 1,566,070; metropolitan area, 2,040,663. Photochrom Photochrom (also called the Aäc process) prints are colorized images produced from black-and-white photographic negatives via the direct photographic transfer of a negative onto lithographic printing plates. The process is properly considered a photographic variant of chromolithography, a broader term referring to color lithography in general. History The process was invented in the 1880s by Hans Jakob Schmid (1856–1924), an employee of the Swiss company Orell Gessner Füssli, a printing firm with a history extending back into the 16th century. Füssli founded the stock company Photochrom Zürich (later Photoglob Zürich AG) as the business vehicle for the commercial exploitation of the process and both Füssli and Photoglob continue to exist today. From the mid 1890s on the process was licensed by other companies including the Detroit Photographic Company in the US and the Photochrom Company of London. The photochrom process was most popular in the 1890s, when true color photography was first being developed but was still commercially impractical. In 1898 the US Congress passed the Private Mailing Card Act which allowed private publishers to produce postcards. These could be mailed for one cent each — the letter rate at the time was two cents. Thousands of photochrom prints, usually of cities or landscapes, were created and sold as postcards and it is in this format that photochrom reproductions became most popular. The Detroit Photographic Company reportedly produced as many as seven million photochrom prints in some years, and ten to thirty thousand different views were offered. After World War One, which brought an end to the craze for collecting Photochrom postcards, the chief use of the process was printing posters and art reproductions, and the last Photochrom printer operated up to 1970. Process A tablet of lithographic limestone, known as a "litho stone," is coated with a light-sensitive coating, comprising a thin layer of purified bitumen dissolved in benzene. A reversed half-tone negative is then pressed against the coating and exposed to daylight for a period of 10 to 30 minutes in summer, up to several hours in winter. The image on the negative allows varying amounts of light to fall on different areas of the coating, causing the bitumen to harden and become resistant to normal solvents in proportion to the amount of light that falls on it. The coating is then washed in turpentine solutions to remove the unhardened bitumen and retouched in the tonal scale of the chosen color to strengthen or soften the tones as required. Each tint is applied using a separate stone bearing the appropriate retouched image. The finished print is produced using at least six, but more commonly from 10 to 15, tint stones.

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